Intraductal Papilloma
Intraductal papillomas are benign breast tumors that occur in breast milk ducts. They are commonly found behind the nipple and are the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge. Etiology…
Read MoreBreast Fibroadenoma
Breast fibroadenomas are benign, solid tumors made of stromal and epithelial elements. Epidemiology Pathogenesis History Physical Exam Imaging Treatment Relevant Information Complications Differential Diagnoses Resources
Read MoreBreast Cyst
Breast cysts are fluid-filled, epithelial-lined cavities located within the breast parenchyma. They can range in size from microscopic to large palpable cysts with 20 – 30 mL of fluid. Epidemiology…
Read MoreGalactocele
Galactoceles are milk-filled cysts. The term “galactocele” is derived from the Greek words galatea (milky white) and cele (pouch). Epidemiology Pathogenesis History Physical Exam Imaging Treatment Relevant Information Differential Diagnoses
Read MoreHemorrhoids, external
External hemorrhoids occur distal to the dentate line. The treatment of hemorrhoids in the past has included suppositories, cautery, and excision. Walter Whitehead introduced a radical procedure in 1882 in…
Read MoreAnal Fissure
Anal fissures occur when there is a tear in the anal canal that usually extends from the dentate line to the anal verge. The most effective treatment for anal fissures,…
Read MoreColon Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and women in the U.S. Colorectal cancer is further divided into colon cancer and rectal cancer. The former will be…
Read MoreCarotid Endarterectomy
Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a surgery performed in order to remove plaque buildup in the common carotid and internal carotid arteries in order to improve blood flow. It involves removing…
Read MoreLower Extremity Amputations
Amputation is the loss or removal of a body part. Prehistoric bones show that man was performing amputations at the prehistoric time by utilizing cutting instruments. In 1915, E. Holländer…
Read MoreSupracondylar Amputation
Supracondylar amputation is a type of above-knee amputation performed at the level of the thigh at the distal femur. The word amputation comes from the Latin amputātus, past participle of…
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