Cholelithiasis
Cholelithiasis is the medical term for gallstones. In 1507, Antonio Benivieni, of Florence, Italy, reported an autopsy and marked the first correlation between clinical symptoms of gallstones with the diseased…
Gallbladder, Bile Ducts, and Liver
Biliary Dyskinesia
Biliary dyskinesia is when there is gallbladder dysmotility, which is defined as a gallbladder ejection fraction < 35%. It was first described in the 19th century. In 1981, Gerbail T.…
Choledocholithiasis
Choledocholithiasis occurs when there is a gallstone in the common bile duct. In 1877, Jean-Martin Charcot described the symptoms associated with the passage of common bile duct stones. Choledochotomy, or…
Ascending Cholangitis
Cholangitis is an ascending infection of the common bile duct (CBD) secondary to obstruction and increased intraluminal pressure. It was first described in 1877 by Jean-Martin Charcot. Etiology Epidemiology History…
Acute Cholecystitis
Acute cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. Gentile da Foligno was the first to describe the gallbladder. In 1581, Jean Fernel provided an adequate clinical description of the symptoms…
Cholecystectomy, laparoscopic
Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. The first cholecystectomy was performed by Carl Langebuch in 1882. Prior to the first cholecystectomy, symptoms of gallstones were treated with drainage…