Acute Compartment Syndrome, leg
Acute compartment syndrome occurs when there is an increased pressure within the closed osteofascial compartment which results in impaired circulation within a few hours of the inciting event. Richard von…
Read MoreBreast Cancer
Breast cancer was first described in the Edwin Smith Egyptian papyrus, around 3000 B.C.E. – 1500 B.C.E. Hippocrates described stages of breast cancer in 400 B.C. William Halsted has been…
Read MoreIntraductal Papilloma
Intraductal papillomas are benign breast tumors that occur in breast milk ducts. They are commonly found behind the nipple and are the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge. Etiology…
Read MoreBreast Fibroadenoma
Breast fibroadenomas are benign, solid tumors made of stromal and epithelial elements. Epidemiology Pathogenesis History Physical Exam Imaging Treatment Relevant Information Complications Differential Diagnoses Resources
Read MoreBreast Cyst
Breast cysts are fluid-filled, epithelial-lined cavities located within the breast parenchyma. They can range in size from microscopic to large palpable cysts with 20 – 30 mL of fluid. Epidemiology…
Read MoreGalactocele
Galactoceles are milk-filled cysts. The term “galactocele” is derived from the Greek words galatea (milky white) and cele (pouch). Epidemiology Pathogenesis History Physical Exam Imaging Treatment Relevant Information Differential Diagnoses
Read MoreHemorrhoids, external
External hemorrhoids occur distal to the dentate line. The treatment of hemorrhoids in the past has included suppositories, cautery, and excision. Walter Whitehead introduced a radical procedure in 1882 in…
Read MoreAnal Fissure
Anal fissures occur when there is a tear in the anal canal that usually extends from the dentate line to the anal verge. The most effective treatment for anal fissures,…
Read MoreColon Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and women in the U.S. Colorectal cancer is further divided into colon cancer and rectal cancer. The former will be…
Read MoreFistula-in-Ano
Fistulas occur when there is an abnormal connection between two epithelialized surfaces that do not usually connect. Fistula-in-ano refers to a fistula between the skin and the anus. In 30…
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